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How to format zip drive in linux

How to format zip drive  in linux  and also mount zip   drive in linux:  1.Zip device treated as SCSI device. So your first zip disk is /dev/sda. To remove or to create partition type the following command:   # fdisk /dev/sda  2. Type m for help and follow on screen instructions.  3. /dev/sda1 is yo..

Linux boot process:

Linux boot process:1.  BIOS: The Basic Input/Output System is the lowest level interface between the computer and peripherals.  2. The BIOS performs integrity checks on memory and seeks instructions on the Master Boor Record (MBR) on the floppy drive or hard drive.  3. The MBR points to the boot loader (GRUB or LILO: Linux boot ..

Linux basic commands:

Basic commands used in LINUX ;ls -- command used to list files and directoriesls -la -- command used to list attribe files also ls -l -- command used to list files and directories with file permisison Syntax: -------- ls filename mkdir -- command used to create a directories syntax:--------- mkdir directory name cat > filename -..

Come to linux world folks

mkdir - make directories Usage mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY Options Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask -p, parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, ve..

How to add additional hard drive in Linux O.S

 Add an Additional Disk Drive to Your Linux Computer 1. IDE drives are referred to as hda for the first drive, hdb for the second etc... 2 .IDE uses separate ribbon cables for primary and secondary drives.  3.The partitions on each drive are referred numerically.  4.The first partition on the first drive is referred to..

Add swap file in linux

Procedure to add a swap file 1.You need to use dd command to create swapfile. Next you need to use mkswap command to set up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file.  Login as the root user 2. Type following command to create 512MB swap file (1024 * 512MB = 524288 block size): # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1024 count..

How to recomplie linux kernel 2.6

How to recomplie linux kernel 2.6Compiling custom kernel has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, new Linux user / admin find it difficult to compile Linux kernel. Compiling kernel needs to understand few things and then just type couple of commands. This step by step howto covers compiling Linux kernel version 2.6.xx under Debian GN..

Partition creation using parted

Before creating a partition, boot into rescue mode (or unmount any partitions on the device and turn off any swap space on the device). Start parted, where /dev/hda is the device on which to create the partition: parted /dev/hda View the current partition table to determine if there is enough free space: print If there is not enoug..

Crontab on Linux

Crontab on Linux with Examples :- crontab - maintain crontab files for individual users (ISC Cron V4.1) SYNOPSIS crontab [-u user] file crontab [-u user] [-l | -r | -e][-i] DESCRIPTION Crontab is the program used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron( 8 ) daemon in ISC Cron. Each user can ..

SVN sub version in fedora

Common SSH Commands in regards to Fixing

[1] Fixing “Unable to Find Clamd Socket” ln -s /var/run/clamav/clamd /var/clamd ln -s /var/clamd /var/run/clamav/clamd [4] Fixing “Sender Verify Callout Failed” look in exim.conf for sender/callout change to sender [5] Cleaning Full Mailbox or Spambox cd /home//mail (or cd /home//mail/// rm inbox (or spam) touch inbox (or spam) /scripts/mailpe..

Internal Server Error

The server encountered an internal error or misconfiguration and was unable to complete your request. Please contact the server administrator, webmaster@******.com and inform them of the time the error occurred, and anything you might have done that may have caused the error. More information about this error may be available in the server e..

406 Error (Not Acceptable)

Are you seeing this error when trying to access a page? This is due to Apache mod_security that is turned on by default. While you can use the following to diagnose the problem (turning the filter off should resolve the issue): SecFilterEngine off It's important to leave the filter on as it helps prevent spam and injection attacks. What you ..

403 Forbidden error

Solution : 1 Please check ownership for the public_html dir Permission and Ownership should be a1professionals nobody 4096 Jun 9 15:38 public_html/ Solution : 2 If Ownership has been setup properly, Then please check the apache log It might be issue with Mod_sec tail -f /usr/local/apache/logs/error_log | grep (Your ISP ip)

High Server Load

MySQL Load ========== In ssh run the following commands top (check for PID / processes causing high loads) mysqladmin processlist (It will show you the databases that are running queries and you can figure out the user with the help of username or database prefix and then take the necessary action) To kill a process: kill -9 PID (PID = pid..

Using the 'chkconfig' utility to add or remove services from starting up automatically on RedHat linux server

Using the 'chkconfig' utility to add or remove services from starting up automatically on RedHat linux server 'Chkconfig' is a RedHat specific utility that allows you to view which or add/remove services from starting up automatically on a RedHat linux server. To view the current startup status of a specific service, use the following comm..

How do I enable error logging for PHP scripts?

PHP error logging is disabled on all of the servers. To enable error logging of PHP scripts: If you do not currently have a php.ini, make one and place it in the same folder(s) as the PHP script(s) that you want to track errors for. You will need to add the following 2 lines: log_errors = On error_log = error_log For example, let's say you ..

How do I execute a CGI script outside of the default cgi-bin directory?

Create an .htaccess file with the line below in the directory where you would like to execute the cgi scripts. Options +ExecCGI

Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 22468 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 446810 bytes) in /path/file.php

By default, Php is configured to limit memory usage per process. To increase the default limit, SSH to the server and using your Linux text editor such as pico or vi, do the following: * vi /usr/local/lib/php.ini Change the following directive from: memory_limit = 8M ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB) to a higher value, ..

HowTo: Tweak php for maximum execution time for scripts

Php by default places resource limits on all php scripts using 3 directives: * max_execution_time : Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds (default 30 sec) * max_input_time : Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data (60 ) * memory_limit : Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (default 8MB) A php sc..

YUM not working !, YUM not working !!

Yum Problem: #yum list Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/yum", line 29, in ? yummain.main(sys.argv[1:]) File "/usr/share/yum-cli/yummain.py", line 80, in main base.getOptionsConfig(args) File "/usr/share/yum-cli/cli.py", line 170, in getOptionsConfig self.doConfigSetup(fn=opts.conffile, root=root) File "__init__.py", line 82, i..

Using the screen command

First of all make sure that you have screen installed. If you don’t you can install it using yum, apt-get or any other package manager that you might have on your server. yum install screen Now type in: screen This will start a new screen for you. You could also name you screen using the -S option. Something like: screen -S 1 In this cas..

Difference between CENTOS 5.2 and RHEL 5.2

* RHEL has the RHN for updates management of servers, * centos has many of the same (equiv) tools as RHEL except for RHN * With Red Hat, you have someone to call and yell at if they system breaks. *With CentOS you have to hope someone in a forum can help you. * The difference is only online support for(RHN) rhel5 which is not present in ce..

SCP Command

command / Port No / Source File / Remote Addreess and Destination Path scp -P '39999' cpmove-phpmscom.tar.gz root@67.159.44.94:/home/webstin

How to Create the info.php page

Please login with cpanel --. file manager --. Create file name with info.php and add the below contents <?php phpinfo(); ?> How to view the info page in browser Type yourdomainname/info.php

1030 Got error 28 from storage engine

1030 Got error 28 from storage engine Solution df -h It might be issue with /tmp parttion space cd /tmp rm -rf sess* Dont delete mysql.sock file

Cannot start session without errors PHP myadmin, php myadmin error

PHPmyadmin error: "Cannot start session without errors, please check errors given in your PHP and/or webserver log file and configure your PHP installation properly" Go to the file /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/etc/phpmyadmin/php.ini check where the sessions are saved session.save_path = /tmp then check the /tmp permission Check the /tmp perm..

/tmp Partition Full

/tmp Partition Full Via command line run: ls /tmp | grep sess | xargs rm This will empty all "sess_" temp files (safely)

How to disable the Directory listing for folders

To disable the Directory listing for folders you need to create the .htaccess file under the each an every folder under which you want to disable the Directory listing and insert the following code in .htaccess file. QUOTE Options -Indexes It will disable the directory listing for your folders and redirect to your 403 error page

CGI Hit Counter not working for any clients

CGI Hit Counter not working for any clients If CGI Hit Counter not working for any client, please follow this following step : 1. File permission for /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/Count.cgi must be 755 # chmod 755 /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/Count.cgi 2. The owner:group of the file must be root:wheel # chown root:wheel /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/C..

Domain Redirect via .htaccess file

Add these lines in .htaccess file # mod_rewrite in use Options +FollowSymlinks RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{http_host} ^domain name [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://redirect domain name/index.html$1 [R=301,L] Example for your reference. RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{http_host} ^asianmypage.com [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ hhmoobshare.com/asia..

Php_flag register_globals on (or off)

Create .htaccess file under public_html directory and add this line. php_flag register_globals on (or off)

How to sort folders by size with one command line in Linux

du –max-depth=1 $PWD | sort -n -r du -H –max-depth=1 $PWD “-H” – produce human readable format sizes (like: 1K 10M 1G) A good and short one liner using xargs du -s ./* | sort -n| cut -f 2-|xargs -i du -sh {} This will sort the folders according to size and display them in human readable format… to reverse the list use sort -nr opti..

What Are Linux Runlevels?

The main runlevels are from 0 – 6. Here's what each runlevel is for: Runlevel 0: Halt System - To shutdown the system Runlevel 1: Single user mode Runlevel 2: Basic multi user mode without NFS Runlevel 3: Full multi user mode (text based) Runlevel 4: unused Runlevel 5: Multi user mode with Graphical User Interface ..

Linux Boot Loader

DEFINITION - A boot loader, also called a boot manager, is a small program that places the operating system (OS) of a computer into memory. When a computer is powered-up or restarted, the basic input/output system (BIOS) performs some initial tests, and then transfers control to the Master Boot Record (MBR) where the boot loader resides. Most ..

Linux Directory Structure

Note: Files are grouped according to purpose. Ex: commands, data files, documentation. Parts of a Unix directory tree. See the FSSTND standard (Filesystem standard) / Root |---root The home directory for the root user |---home Contains the user's home directories | |----ftp Users include many services as listed here | |----httpd |..

How to Find the Port nos in linux

Login in to the shell. Open vi /etc/services In this file you can find the all ports.

Sticky bit

Sticky bit Sticky bits commonly used for Directories If sticky bit set for directory, only the users and super user can remove or modify the files and folders How to identify if stickybit set for the directory Ram Simply you can identify after the rwz permission you can able to see t Drwxrwxrwt ram -rw-rwSrwT 1 root root 18 Aug 16 1..

How to protect single file from being deleted

How to protect single file from being deleted : chattr command is used to change file attributes on a Linux second extended file system Command is chattr How to set attributes to the file chattr +ia test How to remove the attributes chattr -ia test How to view attributes has been set lsattr is the command / test is the file name [..

Compress Commands in Linux

Command: compress This command is used to save the space with your server. compress ram.Z ram After compress the ram file, The extension should be .Z How to compress the file uncompress ram.Z Command: zip Zip command is used to compress the file or list of files and folders in the zip format [~]# zip ram.zip ram adding: ram/ (sto..

Block IP having more than 50 connections using netstat

Block IP having more than 50 connections using netstat For CSF firewall : $ netstat -apln |grep :80 | awk '{print $5}'| cut -d ":" -f1|sort -n | uniq -c | sort -n | awk '{if ( $1 > 50 ) print $2}' | xargs csf -d For APF firewall : $ netstat -apln |grep :80 | awk '{print $5}'| cut -d ":" -f1|sort -n | uniq -c | sort -n | awk '{if ( $1 > 50..

How to Disable PHP Safe Mode for a Particular directory

How to Disable PHP Safe Mode for a Particular directory. Please find the attachment file with this post. Please add the below entries with your apache conf file. For Plesk servers php_admin_flag safe_mode off For cpanel servers php_admin_flag safe_mode off

Difference Between Telnet And SSH :

Difference Between Telnet And SSH : SSH will do the Enryption, Telnet wont do Encryption.   To connect the server remotely via SSH and Telnet   SSH just encrypts your connection to the remote machine so when you send your password or commands over the network someone else cannot sniff the packets and interpret your password ..

Zombie process

zombie process or defunct process is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table, allowing the process that started it to read its exit status. In the term's colorful metaphor, the child process has died but has not yet been reaped..."Use top or ps command:[root@layer1 ~]# top[root@layer1 ~]# ps aux | awk..